Things You Should Know About Term Paper Writing Service Superiorpapers

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Autism Is A Neurological Development Disorder - 967 Words

Autism is a neurological development disorder that affects one in eighty-eight people. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition(DSM-IV) there were five types of autism. They were all listed under what is called Autism Spectrum Disorder. People on the spectrum range from dysfunctional to functional. The most functional form is called, Asperger s Syndrome. People with Asperger s Syndrome have above average intelligence; the people on the other end of the spectrum tend to have average or below average intelligence. There are many symptoms of Asperger s Syndrome, but not all of the symptoms meet the other symptoms of the different types of autism. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) has taken Asperger s Syndrome and three other diagnosed mental disorders and put them all into the autism spectrum disorder eliminating Asperger s Syndrome as a diagnosed mental illness, but in fact these disabilities should be different because the symptoms of these disorders affect the human body in different ways. Autism is currently one of the most studied mental disorders on the planet, but very little is known about the disorder. This includes Asperger s Syndrome. Hans Asperger, who discovered Asperger s Syndrome, writes Autism in this sense refers to a fundamental disturbance of contact that is manifest in an extreme form in schizophrenic patients(Asperger 38). This means an autistic person meets theShow MoreRelatedAutism : A Type Of Autism913 Words   |  4 Pageschildren will be born with a type of Autism. This number has doubled since the mid-1990’s (Nature Education). Autism affects 1.5 million people (Howard). Autism develops within the first years of life and is four times more likely to be present in boys than in girls (Kinsey). Some researchers believe autism caused by failure to prune sufficient nerve cells, or to get rid of damaged nerve cells in the proper manner (Howard). There is treatment for a ll types of autism and are available but none are knownRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder728 Words   |  3 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a combination of abnormalities in language, social cognition and interaction, and mental flexibility. ASD is not a single disorder, but rather a neurodevelopmental syndrome. (Autism Speaks) Research shows that a combination of genetic and environmental factors leads to the abnormal brain development that underlies autism. The concordance rate for monozygotic twins is much higher than for dizygotic twins, roughly 2:1, indicating that there are bothRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asd )949 Words   |  4 Pages 1. What are the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)? As described in the textbook, there is a broad range of characteristics associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). One of the first characteristics noted with ASD is language deficits, or using language in â€Å"odd† ways. As stated in the textbook, â€Å"Children with classic autism may be nonverbal. Alternatively, they may have significant language difficulties, so that their language may consist primarily of echolalia or delayedRead More autism Essay923 Words   |  4 Pages Autism Isolated in their own worlds, people with autism appear indifferent and remote. They are normally unable to form emotional bonds with others. Although people with this brain disorder can display a wide range of symptoms and disabilities, many are incapable of understanding other peoples thoughts, feelings, and needs. Often, their language and intelligence do not fully develop. This makes communication and social relationships difficult. Many people with autism engage in repetitive activitiesRead MoreHow Does Autism Affect The Functioning Of The Brain1014 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Autism is a developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. This is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. If you don’t pay close attention to your child, you won’t notice it. If you attend to your child the way that a real parent should, then you will notice that something is not right. If you catch it early on, you can do some intense therapy that will attend to your child the right way. Depending on how severeRead MoreEssay about The Etiology of Autism1313 Words   |  6 Pagesof 1 in 110 children have an autism spectrum disorder, â€Å"ASD† (Nirv, Shah 2011). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, up to six out of every 1,000 children may be diagnosed with some form of autism. In addition, boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism. This means that as many as 1.5 million Americans today are believed to have some form of autism. Unfortunately, the numbers appear to be increasing rapidly. Autism is a disability that frequentlyRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1453 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and it’s a neurological disorder that affects children at an early age, even at 2 years old. The misconceptions and controversies about the illness have caused a lot of backlash and hate towards the healthcare industry, especially doctors. Over the years, many people have believed and still currently think that vaccinations cause Autism. However, many tests and reports have been analyzed and studied through numerous scientists and they have concludedRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as development al disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1285 Words   |  6 PagesIntroductions: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is defined as a lifelong developmental condition that affects, among other things, the way an individual relates to his or environment and their interaction with other people. The word ‘spectrum’ is the description of a range of difficulties that people with autism may experience and the degree to which they may be affected. Not everyone with autism have an accompanying learning disability and require continued specialist support because some people withRead MoreAutism Is Not A Disease, But A Developmental Disorder Of Brain Function1465 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is not a disease, but a developmental disorder of brain function. People with classical autism show three types of symptoms: impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication and imagination, and unusual or severely limited activities and interests. Symptoms of autism usually appear during the first three years of childhood and continue throughout life . Although there is no cure, appropriate management may help with normal development and reduce undesirable behaviors

African American Writers Essay Example For Students

African American Writers Essay Two of those scholars include Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du bois. Both of these men, had a vision for African- Americans. They wanted to see the advancement of their race of people. These great leaders just had different viewpoints as to how this should be accomplished. Mr. Washingtons viewpoints are based on his own personal experience and understanding of politics. Mr. Du bois viewpoints came from his knowledge of the importance of education and its ability to break down barriers of color. Washington and Du bois wanted to see the advancement of the African-American people. The question was How could they advance? There is a twelve-year age difference amongst the two gentlemen. I could see the difference that a decade could make in the mindsets of the two gentlemen. Washington is the elder of the two. He was apart of the slavery system not merely a product of it. He was a slave who was freed. A man without neither a history, nor a surname to call his own. Du bois was born into a system of freedom. He never experienced having a master or the lack of freedom to move about as he pleased. He came into the world and saw problems. He didnt see the long path that had been traveled to get them to the point that they were at currently. Therefore these men saw different ways of accomplishing their goals as a race. In Booker T. Washingtons autobiography Up From Slavery , he shares with the reader an abundance of information as to how he became the man he was. He was born on a plantation in Franklin County, Virginia. At the earliest moments of his life, he was a laborer, cleaning the yards, carrying water, and taking corn to the mills. Booker T. Washington talks about the burden of freedom. He talks about the attitudes of the slaves towards their masters after emancipation. When the slaves learned they were free there was a feeling of excitement, followed by one of the reality that they were now responsible for providing for their families, shelter, food, clothing and a better way of life. He talks about the connection and bond that they continued to share, as the slaves began to prosper and the master and his family began to suffer. Washington remembers his new life in West Virginia. The part where is education was put on the back burner as a result of a need of income to support his family. But he also remembers his will and determination to gain an education at any cost. This resulted in him going to school at night and traveling several miles in order to gain a proper education. Washington eventually gained an education at Hampton University, and went on to teach. He was also head of Tuskegee University. Mr. Washingtons life experiences taught him that everything has a time and a place. He painted a picture  of a boy in a filthy room with torn and ragged clothes, reading a French book. He believed that man must have skills and should be able to provide for himself and his family. He was speaking of economic freedom. He was speaking of working with white people, to try to make a better place for both races. In many ways, I think he felt it was more important to have food on your table rather than books in yo ur hands. Mr. Washington knew that in order for African-Americans to prosper, whites would have to be involved. In order for a man to get up off the ground he must first convince the man holding him down to take his foot off his throat. Mr. W.E.B. Du bois was indeed a scholar and revolutionary. He was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He was a graduate of Fisk University and the first Black to receive a doctoral degree from Harvard University. Du Boiss research into the historical and sociological conditions of black Americans made him the most influential black intellectual of his time. His book The Souls of Black Folk written in 1903 is a powerful collection of essays, in which Du Bois describes the efforts of African- Americans to reconcile their African heritage with their pride in being U.S. citizens. .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 , .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .postImageUrl , .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 , .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924:hover , .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924:visited , .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924:active { border:0!important; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924:active , .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924 .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77f1863cbaed6be7b2fa1e7aae041924:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brave New World 8 EssayIn this book he also contended that Washingtons push for African-Americans to relinquish political strength and the quest for civil rights temporarily for the building of wealth was wrong. Du bois believed that he right to vote, civil equality and the education of youth according to ability were more important than the accumulation of wealth. Du bois felt that if the ignorant white man could vote so should the ignorant black man. Du bois continued to fight for the rights of African- Americans. He was instrumental in the founding of the NAACP. One was conservative. One was idealistic. One was a politician at heart. One was an abolitionist born too lat e. Both saw the importance of education. They just differed on what kind of education was most important to their race of people. The main goal was the advancement of their people. In both mens cases, their insight and ideas did so much in the aiding of our advancement as a race of people and as a culture within a culture. They were both two great men with the same problem, with different solutions.

Walt Disney Essays - Business, Economy, Anti-corporate Activism

Walt Disney Consumers can play an important role in closing sweatshops, and they have a right to know what companies are using sweatshops to produce their product there are simple steps consumers can take to help fight against the use of sweatshops. Right now many famous companies are using sweatshops readily to save money. However, ironically, the companies that use them are the companies that can afford to spend the extra money for regular labor. Some of these name brand companies include; Nike, Disney, Kathie- Lee Gifford, Gap, Liz Claiborne, Ralph Lauren, and Wal-Mart. Many people have no idea that these companies are using sweatshops. Disney for example is a very well known company. No one would ever expect that their favorite childhood Disney memory could have been created through sweatshops and child labor. Disney is just one of the many well respected, loved companies with dark secrets. It is hard to believe as a consumer that a company that consumers have grown to trust and love uses such forced labor, with underaged sweatshop employees making consumers favorite characters come to life. Well, Peter and Rochelle Schweizer makes it clear that it could be a possibility: " The face of Disney the manufacturer is not a pretty one. All too often Disney clothes, toys, and trinkets are made by child laborers. Disney licensees have been caught using child labor on three continents" (245). Many other companies are practicing the same type of labor policies without consumers's knowledge. If companies feel that sweatshops are a decent and fair way of doing business and have no problems with continuing to use them, they should at least make these reasons public and confront their consumers's concerns. They should let their consumers know why they choose to conduct their business in this manner. Consumers would then have the real information on the product that they choose, and not only what the company wants them to Mueckler 2 know. Consumers would then be able to base their product choice on work place conditions as well as the over all product information. Some companies's use of sweatshops have been made public. Kathie-Lee Gifford's designer clothes company for example was widely evident in the news in 1996. Gifford was shocked when she heard of the sweatshop conditions her company was using. Since this Gifford has been involved in organizing the Apparel Industry Partnership with the U.S. Department of Labor. This organization tries to crack down on the use of child labor. This is one example of where the public influenced a company to change its policies. This gives hope that with consumer support other companies can be influenced in similar ways. Disney, however, has not been so noteworthy in their efforts. Disney licensees go out of their way to bring their company to countries such as Burma, where the practice of child labor is a normal everyday event, and they exploit this to create their product as cheaply as possible. Schweizer explains how remote the locations that Disney licensees use, " For years Disney licensees were manufacturing in a country few Americans could locate on a map. Burma- also known as Myanmar, the name given it by the ruling military junta- is a poverty - stricken nation wedged between India, China, and the lush mountains of Thailand." (251). This is an ideal location because so few people are aware of it. This makes it easy for the Disney licensees to continue their business without being detected. Another insight to Burma is that drug lords hold great power and are protected by the government. Disney licensees had to get the permission to have sweatshops in Burma from these drug lords. This shows how the drug lords are the ones with the power in Burma. First companies must win the respect of these drug lords before they are able to work there. " Burma's attraction as a manufacturing site is obvious: ultracheap labor." (252). Mueckler 3 When consumers and human rights groups along with labor organizations took action in 1996, they did get a response from Disney. The National Labor Committee and other organizations together made Disney's involvement in Burma public with the Free Burma Campaign. Disney denied these claims. They pretended they had no involvement in Burma. They knew how the negative public announcement would hurt the company, which is the major reason why companies hide the facts from the consumers. Schweizer explains that many other respectable companies have volunteered to monitor their working conditions, however, Disney is not one of them. This shows that Disney is aware that

Learn How to Conjugate Tourner (to Turn) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Tourner (to Turn) in French If you guessed that the French verb  tourner  means to turn, you would be correct. The similarities between the English and French make it easy to remember. French students will be happy to know that this is a regular verb, so conjugating it isnt too difficult, either. The Basic Conjugations of  Tourner Among all the French verb conjugations you can study, tourner falls into the largest category. As a regular -er verb, the conjugation pattern you see here is the same for the majority of French verbs, including retourner (to return), tomber (to fall), and countless others. Consider studying a few at a time to make each just a little easier to remember. To begin, the indicative mood includes the basic forms of  tourner. Here you will find the present, future, and imperfect past tenses, which you will use frequently in French conversations. Start by recognizing the verb stem (or radical) as  tourn-. From there, use the chart to learn which ending is applied that corresponds to both the subject pronoun and the tense of your sentence. You will get results such as  je tourne  (I am turning) and  nous tournerons  (we will turn). Present Future Imperfect je tourne tournerai tournais tu tournes tourneras tournais il tourne tournera tournait nous tournons tournerons tournions vous tournez tournerez tourniez ils tournent tourneront tournaient The Present Participle of  Tourner As with all regular -er  verbs, the  present participle  is formed by adding  -ant  to the radical. This produces the word  tournant. Tourner  in the Compound Past Tense You will use the  past participle  tournà © and an auxiliary verb when forming the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  of  tourner. This is the compound past tense used often in French.   To form it, conjugate  avoir  to the present tense, then add  tournà ©. This results in things like  jai tournà ©Ã‚  (I turned) and  nous avons tournà ©Ã‚  (we turned). More Simple Conjugations of  Tourner Your use of  tourner  in French conversations will have a good foundation if you concentrate on the forms above. It will be even better if you know  the subjunctive  and  the conditional  forms. Each has their use in further defining your meaning: the subjunctive questions the act of turning and the conditional says its dependent on conditions. In written French, it is very likely that you will find  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive. While they may not be used frequently, they are still good to know. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je tourne tournerais tournai tournasse tu tournes tournerais tournas tournasses il tourne tournerait tourna tournt nous tournions tournerions tournmes tournassions vous tourniez tourneriez tourntes tournassiez ils tournent tourneraient tournrent tournassent When you want to tell someone to Turn! or use  tourner  in similarly direct sentences,  the  imperative  is used. This is where you can skip the subject pronoun and simplify it to Tourne ! Imperative (tu)              tourne (nous)     Ã‚  tournons​​ (vous)        tournez

The Fundamentals of Nouns

The Fundamentals of Nouns The Fundamentals of Nouns The Fundamentals of Nouns By Mark Nichol Parts of speech serve our communication needs with hardly a conscious thought on our part, but they operate according to a complex, interdependent set of rules and procedures. Here are the basic principles of the noun. A noun was traditionally described (at least, in the US public school system I oh so slowly passed through and briefly taught in) as a person, a place, or a thing, though some resources extend the definition to apply to intangible things ideas such as peace and qualities such as fear as separate categories. Nouns are also subdivided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns refer to a specifically named entity such as, for example, a person named Mark, a place called California, a thing called a Mac, and an idea or quality personified as Perfection. Common nouns, by contrast, are generic: man, state, computer, perfection. Three other classifications to distinguish nouns include countable and uncountable nouns, collective nouns, and concrete and abstract nouns. Countable nouns can be pluralized (word, words), can be accompanied by numbers or quantifiers (â€Å"Did he say, ‘Seven words’ or ‘several words’?), and can appear after an indefinite article (â€Å"In a word, yes†). Uncountable nouns (also called mass nouns and noncount nouns) share none of these qualities; examples include anger, geology, and weather. (Anger cannot be pluralized to angers, one would not say â€Å"seven geologies,† and weather would be preceded by a only if it is used as an adjective, as in â€Å"a weather system†). Collective nouns are those denoting a single entity consisting of multiple components, such as team. Concrete nouns are those that name a physical entity or something experienced by operation of one or more senses (computer, article), while abstract ones refer to concepts or ideas (democracy, liberty). Some nouns have both concrete and abstract senses; for example, dance refers to physical movement usually performed to music as well as a social event at which such activity occurs (and has a figurative meaning of â€Å"a careful interaction,† as in â€Å"The two superpowers exchanged messages in a delicate diplomatic dance†), but the word also denotes an art form involving often rhythmic and patterned physical movement. A noun serves one of three syntactical functions in a sentence, all of which are demonstrated in the first clause of this sentence: the subject of a clause (â€Å"A noun†), the object of a verb (â€Å"serves . . . functions†), or the object of a preposition (â€Å"in a sentence†). Nouns, in English, are marked by their association with an article (a, an, the, and sometimes some), such as in the phrase â€Å"an article† here, or with one or more attributive adjectives. (In the preceding phrase and a few words farther along in this sentence attributive itself is an attributive adjective for adjective.) A noun is also distinguished as the head, or key word, of a noun phrase; in this clause, clause is the head of the noun phrase â€Å"in this clause† and head is the head of the phrase â€Å"the head of the noun phrase†; note that that phrase has two nouns (head and phrase), but the latter is subordinate to the former. Some grammar theories hold that a single word can constitute a noun phrase and it doesn’t have to be a noun; consider the function of it in â€Å"It is true.† A noun consisting of an adjective used in noun form is known as a nominalization; the last word in the phrase â€Å"a word to the wise† is an example. Nouns are not essential to isolated sentences â€Å"Yes,† for example, can constitute a sentence but they are integral to communication. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About HandsBest Websites to Learn EnglishHonorary vs. Honourary

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace Essay - 1

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace - Essay Example These standards included graduation from an accredited university within certain specified fields of study. There were minimum grade point averages established as well as minimum levels of English-language proficiency. In addition, all hires were expected to have at least five years of relevant sales and marketing experience. In all, there were to be eighteen local hires in Thailand. These staffing standards were established at a meeting six months previously at the corporation’s Los Angeles headquarters. Present at that meeting were the Vice President for Human Resources, his assistant, and a Thai national hired to run the regional headquarters in Bangkok. The staffing standards were communicated orally and in a formal written set of job descriptions. The Thai national had graduated from a reputable American university, had worked for the corporation in Los Angeles for six years, and spoke English fluently. There appeared to be no problems until profiles of the proposed new h ires in Thailand were sent to Los Angeles for confirmation. In short, the American Vice President was not happy. He was not happy because the minimum standards for screening and hiring new employees in Thailand were ignored. The proposed hires did not graduate from reputable universities; indeed, three were graduates of a police college. More, academic transcripts showed that many of the proposed hires were, at best, mediocre students. There was no evidence of English-language proficiency and the minimum sales experience requirements had similarly been ignored. There were also a surprising number of the same surnames; as it turned out, a number of people from the same families had been proposed as local hires. The Vice President was furious because the Thai employee seemed to have thrown his instructions out the window. How did this problem arise? To be sure, there were explicit oral

Music Course at the University of California Essay - 1

Music Course at the University of California - Essay Example I had also learned a lot from my experiences the need to maintain mutual respect and concern among the band members and to develop as part of a team and retaining one’s individual talents and identity at the same time. Though I have taken classes to learn the various musical instruments I play, my broad interest in different musical genres has also contributed towards the expertise that I have gained. I believe in the power of music that emerges through group efforts. Therefore, I had always been in the company of those who are passionately involved with music. The different experiences that we have had with music had been a binding force among us, and it eventually led to the formation of the jazz band. The suggestions and criticism from my colleagues have motivated me to strive for a better quality of playing the musical instruments, and I believe that I have achieved that goal with the help of constant training and practice. Now I can claim that I have reached the level of versatility that is expected of a seasoned band player but am aware that music is an art form which calls for an innovative spirit which is willing to keep learning more and more. This explains my interest in a systematic learning of music as a major in a well-reputed university. Though I have specialized in various musical instruments, I would like to explore the possibilities of learning more related instruments with dedication. However, my ambition is not just to master as many musical instruments as possible.

Genetically modified organism - DNA Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism DNA Essay 1. Introduction Genetically modified foods are foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOS). GMOS have had particular turns led to their DNA by genetic engineering techniques. In fact,GM foods are already becoming a part of our life. (Maessen, 1997) The 2010 estimate, the most recent, says that 925 million people were undernourished in 2010 (FAO 2010). There are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether GM foods can solve the problem of world hungry . It covers two advantages of GM food which are increasing production and effects of environment protection,finally it will cover a disadvantage for human health. 2 . Advantages 2. 1 Increase in food production GM food should be consider as a solution to slove world hunger as it produces much higher yield than conventional crops. Firstly,Crops are genetically modified in order to make them pest-resistant, drought-resistant, higher yield per acre, faster maturing, or some other improvement over natural crops. They are likely to be safer than ordinary crops since they dont have chemical pesticide on them , they are more likely to be picked and sent to market at their peak of ripeness, and are likely to last longer once you have them home in refrigerators. Its helping to resolve the worlds hungry problem. 2. 2 Advantages for environment protection One effect of GM foods is to protect environment. Genes could also be manipulated in trees, for example to absorb more CO2 and reduce the threat of global warming. Genetic Engineering could increase genetic diversity, and produce more variant alleles which could also be crossed over and implanted into other species. (Friends of Earth,2003) 3. Disadvantages of GM foods potential negative human health There are also critics objected to potential negative human health. As it has a Genetic engineering may actually counteract the processes of nature by reducing the resistance of the species to environmental extremes and diseases by creating ideal traits. Furthermore, new viruses would be encouraged to mutate into more dangerous, virulent forms that would be unstoppable. Even more horrifying is the possibility that genetically engineered products have the capability of being toxic and threatening to human and animal health. (Royal Society. 2002)Some scientists believe that introducing genetically modified genes may have an irreversible effect with consequences yet unknown. (Food Standards Agency. 2002. ) 4. Conclusion In conclusion,this paper discussed the effects of GM foods. Therefore, according to these passage that the genetically modified technology can bring more advantage and less disadvantage to us. It becomes a tendency to eat genetically modified foods. So we just be at ease to eat unless the productions are counterfeit and inferior and it is not qualified by the standard department and the GM foods almost can solve food crisis. Words (428). References 1) Maessen, GDF. 1997. Genomic stability and stability of expression in genetically modified plants. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 46 3-24 2) Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions. 1999. News Release 107, 5 November 1999. 3) Schmidt, T and Heslop-Harrison, JS. 1998. Genomes, genes and junk: the large scale organization of plant chromosomes. Trends on Plant Science 3 195-9 4) Royal Society.2002. Genetically modified plants for food use and human health – an update 5) Dr Marion Healy. 2005. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. 2005. Retrieved June, 2005 from http://www. foodstandards. gov. au/_srcfiles/GM%20Foods_text_pp_final. pdf 6)Genetically Modified crops and food ,Friends of Earth,(2003). Retrieved January ,2003 from http://www. foe. co. uk/resource/briefings/gm_crops_food. pdf 7) Food Standards Agency. 2002. GO10008 Evaluating the risks associated with using GMOs in Human foods. Retrieved from http://www. foodstandards. gov. uk/science/sciencetopics/gmfoods/gm_reports.

Opposing Ideals in James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man :: Portrait Artist Young Man Essays

Opposing Ideals in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Stephen Dedalus, of James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, is constantly torn by two opposing ideals. One is that which the institution of the Irish Catholic Church imposes on him, and the other is insisted upon by his independent thoughts and feelings. Stephen chooses between these two ideals, and he rejects the religion offered him by his upbringing and early education in favour of individualistic thought. The most obvious aspect of these opposing ideals is in Stephen Dedalus's name. His first name, rooted in religion, is that of Stephen, the first Christian martyr. His last name comes from the pagan and Greek myth of Daedalus and Icarus. The myth of Daedalus centres on the theme of freedom, which coincides with Stephen's journey of self-discovery. However, is he Daedalus, the great architect and inventor, or is he Daedalus's prideful and rebellious son Icarus? Certainly, Stephen embodies aspects of both mythological figures. He is both the intellectual Daedalus, and the rebel Icarus. From the very beginning, the two names are separate from one another. Stephen's parents call him Stephen - "Goodbye, Stephen, goodbye!" (5). This is ironic as sending Stephen to the convent exposes him further to the hypocrisy that he will see in the priests at the convent and in Catholicism as a whole. Thus, they are saying goodbye to "Stephen", the name rooted in religious tradition as he will become "D edalus", the man who seeks his own freedom. On the other hand, Stephen's classmates call him "Dedalus". Stephen is not one of "them". Stephen is set aside as intellectual and moral - "Dedalus is a model youth. He doesn't smoke and he doesn't go to bazaars and he doesn't flirt and he doesn't damn anything or damn all (71)." Indeed, "Dedalus" is not one of the hypocrites. He is labelled as a "heretic" as he refuses to conform to ideals which are not his own (76). At first, he merely defends poets (i.e. Byron), but soon he is defending his entire way of life and his views thereof. "Dedalus" is the individual. Stephen's childhood in the convent and with his family is shaped around conformity. Phrases such as "Pull out his eyes / Apologise / Apologise / Pull out his eyes" continually insist on the strict code of behaviour that Stephen is expected to uphold (4).

Bottom of the Pyramid Case Study Essay

1. As a junior member of your company’s committee to explore new markets, you have received a memo from the chairperson telling you to be prepared at the next meeting to discuss key questions that need to be addressed if the company decides to look further into the possibility of marketing to the BOP segment. The ultimate goal of this meeting will be to establish a set of general guidelines to use in developing a market strategy for any one of the company’s products to be marketed to the â€Å"aspirational poor†. These guidelines needs not be company or product specific at this time. In fact, think of the final guideline as a checklist- a series of questions that a company could use as a start in evaluating the potential of a specific BOP market segment for one of its products. Right now on this planet there are 2,582 people living for less than $2 a day and it is this group that makes up the bottom of the economic pyramid (BOP). With this group constituting such a large and diverse part of the market, many organizations have been seeking to make their presence larger in this area of the market with their products and services. This move is incredibly organizationally strategic as the BOP market has a need for advanced technology. However in order for this market initiative to be successful these products must be accompanied by the correct infrastructure support. Even more to this point, for most products, demand is contingent on the customer having sufficient purchasing power. With this in mind, designing a business model to serve the market BOP has to start with a basic insight rather than tinkering or tailoring a minor detail of the current business model. Firms and companies must understand that the creation of markets out of unmet needs is paramount. Along with this, companies need to ensure that their products are profitable, actually serve the poor and are good for them as well. The BOP is a hard market to crack. Not only do firms have to account for the 4 P’s of marketing but also, they now must accommodate the four challenges of BOP marketing. These challenges, awareness, availability, accessibility and affordability are the obstacles that stand in the way of a product being successful or not. If appropriately  traversed, the company can expect to see huge profits. However this can only be done through a very thorough understanding of this unique market and the appropriate application of practical and pragmatic marketing strategies. The BOP is not for every company. This market is often thought of as dominated by governments, aid agencies, non-profits, etc. Many companies and firms choose to leave this market segment to the aforementioned groups as they deem it as an unnecessary investment. One of the main reasons for this is the fact that the general population is constrained by their income. If the cost of producing a reasonably quality product is high, then the average consumer in this market would not be able to afford it. Not only this, but increasing consumption very well may not be sustainable in these BOP areas. With this in mind, there are many questions a company should ask in relation to the BOP target market. Some guidelines or questions that would be wise to ask in relation to the BOP are: When looking across different product categories the BOP consume, is it only basic needs? In what product categories are the products the most successful? What type and range of product should we provide? What does the consumer want from the product? What should be the name of the product? How is it differentiated from the competitors How do we best communicate with our target market consumers and persuade them to buy? 2. Marketing to the BOP raises a number of issues revolving around the social responsibility of marketing efforts. Write a position paper either pro or con on one of the following: a. Is it exploitation for a company to profit from selling soaps, shampoo, personal computers, and ice cream, and so on, to people with little disposable income? b. Can making loans to customers whose income is less than $100 monthly at interest rates of 20 percent to purchase TVs, cell phones, and other  consumer durables be justified? c. One authority argues that squeezing profits from people with little disposable income-and often not enough to eat- is not capitalist exploitation but rather that it stimulates economic growth. In this day of age, it pays dividends to have a highly active and involved market. If you take a step back, and look at the characteristics of the developed nations of the world and compare them to those of the third world or developing countries, many differences can be noted. However, one reoccurring trend is that of the absence of a strong, diverse, international and active marketplace in many of the poorer countries. The places of business found in these areas tend to operate on a local system with transactions taking place between natives and sometimes even forgoing currency to barter. Slowly, many large companies and firms are taking note of these markets. These BOP (bottom of the pyramid) markets are ripe with opportunity for those willing to take the risk. Many people see this as capitalist exploitation, but in reality, it stimulates economic growth. The extension of a company or firm into a BOP market means investing large amounts of time and capital into the project. These firms want to turn a profit and through cautious investing, will try and insure that. With investments come points of contact, the construction of a physical, tangible storefront, a service scape. With the installation of these comes the need of staffing, people to operate the stores, sell the product and carry the company message. Just like in India with Unilever. Several locals were given an opportunity to leave the life they were living behind for any opportunity at better existence. Now 1,300 women are selling Unilever products in 50,000 villages in 12 states in India, totaling to about 15% of the company’s rural sales in those states. Many individuals tend to harbor xenophobic traits or a fear of change. In reality when if they could take a more logical approach, the benefits of foreign investment would far outweigh their fears. More and more people are realizing this and slowly are opening up to the idea. The Vietnamese are an  example. At this moment, Vietnam has more than 100,000 independent sales representatives working for Unilever to push their products into the remote BOP markets. Such a large force of human capital could never have been employed if it wasn’t for the targeting of these markets. An argument may be brought up that their purchasing power is not strong enough or maybe that they are being exploited. However, in reality, foreign investment allows for growth and progress that these areas would never of been a part of it wasn’t for these large companies and firms help.

What influenced Georgian style and its features?

What influenced Georgian manner and its characteristics?ContentIntroduction( page 3 )Early Georgian manner: Influence of classicalism( page 3 )Early Georgian manner: Influence of Palladinism( page 4 )Early Georgian manner: Examples( page 5 )James Stuart ( page 5 )Sir William Chambers ( pages 5-6 )Robert Adam ( page 6 )Late Georgian manner( page 7 )Henry Holland ( page 7 )Features of Georgian manner( page 8 )Landscape ( page 8 )Architecture ( pages 8-9 )Interior design and cosmetic humanistic disciplines ( page 9 )Decision( page 9 )Bibliography( page 10 )What influenced Georgian Style and its characteristics?Introduction Georgian manner is a manner in the architecture, interior design, and cosmetic humanistic disciplines of Britain during the 17Thursdayand 18Thursdaycenturies. The term â€Å"Georgian† gets its name from four male monarchs of England who reigned in Britain from 1714-1830. All of them were named George. ( DesignIntuit,2001) Although the George did non hold an impact on the manner, they perpetuated a motion that is different from the popular Italian and Gallic Baroque manner. â€Å"Georgian is a term normally associated in the popular head with refined furniture, elegant apparels, edifices of delusory simpleness, classical music, decorous prose, and state houses set in delighting parks.† ( Georgian Housestyle, Ingrid Cranfield ) . In kernel, Georgian is non a manner by itself, but an epoch during that many developments and alterations happened in both architecture and interior design. ( Worldguide,2015) Early Georgian manner: Influence of classicalism Each designer or interior decorator has his ain thoughts and single attack. However, all of them had something common: they were to a great extent influenced by elements of ancient Rome and Greece. In other words, they were driven by the same motivated thought: to animate the antique classical universe. Classicism was considered as godlike: it reproduced the edifice blocks of God’s creative activity and the agreements of nature. Furthermore, this ( Georgian ) period is defined as â€Å"an epoch of refined neoclassical trends† . ( Worldguide,2015) As it was mentioned earlier, the Georgian manner was extremely influenced by classicalism. Young British blue bloods ( including designers, interior decorators and furniture shapers ) in the 17Thursdayand 18Thursdaycenturies took the â€Å"Grand Tour† of European states. These â€Å"Grand Tours† made the influential categories follow classical traditions of architecture and design. However, the Baroque used classical ornamentation and decor in a really unfastened ended manner. ( David Ross,2015) However, the British employed these motives in an inflexible and unagitated manner. ( Worldguide,2015) If Baroque is excessively much, Georgian classicalism is a grace. Early Georgian manner: Influence of Palladinism Besides classicalism, there was another manner that had a really strong impact on the Georgian manner. It is a Palladinism, â€Å"a doctrine of design based on the Hagiographas and work of Andreas Palladio† . ( David Ross,2015) He is an Italian designer of the 16Thursdaycentury who recreated the design and proportions of the edifices of antique Rome. ( Worldguide,2015) Famous English designer Inigo Jones brought the Georgian manner to Britain in the 17Thursdaycentury. ( Worldguide,2015) Palladinism was a important factor in the early Georgian manner. There was a proportion-based Palladian school of design that dominated British architecture from the mid-1720s to the early 1750s. It was rich and graceful, and there were Roman temple frontages and pillars. In add-on, a mathematical expression was used for a building’s proportion. However, after 1750 ( Dan Cruickshank,2011) or from around 1760 ( Worldguide,2015) , English designers James Stuart, Sir William Chambers and Scottish architect Robert Adam were exposed to a clearer manner of classicalism around Britain. They were inspired by the archeological finds at Pompei and Herculanium. This new information about Greek and Roman architecture brought about a neoclassical revolution in gustatory sensation. This emphasises on neoclassicism that became more widespread for design for the continuance of the mid-Georgian period, which was until 1800 ( Dan Cruickshank,2011) . Early Georgian manner: Examples James Stuart One of the best illustrations of neoclassicism is James Stuart ( 1713-1788 ) . He went on assorted â€Å"Grand Tours† of many European metropoliss like other designers at that clip. While he was analyzing in Greece, his work was necessarily influenced by clear Grecian motives. Due to these surveies, he got the moniker â€Å"Athenian† Stuart. In add-on, he published â€Å"Antiquities of Athens† in separate books from 1762. ( Worldguide,2015) On the image below shows an illustration of his work: ( St James’s Square, London ) Sir William Chambers Sir William Chambers ( 1723-1796 ) is one of the designers stand foring the mid-Georgian period. He was born in Sweden to Scottish parents. His architectural practise was in London in the 1750s. Furthermore, Sir William spent clip in China, which gives an account why his neoclassicism was assorted with Chinese touches and elements. The name of the technique is known as chinoiserie, and it enjoyed modest popularity in Britain that clip. He besides showed Greek and Roman features of Gallic neoclassicism. ( Worldguide,2015) ( Chinese Pagoda in Kew Gardens, London and Somerset House, London ) Robert Adam One more illustration is Robert Adam ( 1728-1992 ) . He was born in Fife, Scotland. He worked with his brother James on a manner airier than the Palladian, utilizing Egyptian and Gothic motives with Roman ornaments. His graphicss were symmetrical but non every bit much as Palladian proportions. Furthermore, he was known to demo motives as â€Å"ribbons, garlands, sphinx and gryphons, ellipses and hexagons etc† . This manner was celebrated as the Adam manner. ( Worldguide,2015) ( Syon House, West London ) Late Georgian manner Late Georgian manner is known as Regency and was popular during the reign of the British Prince Regent from 1811 to 1820. ( The Editors of Britannica,2015and Worldguide,2015) Actually, the Regency manner recollected neoclassical elements, but it was opened more to Greek, Egyptian, Asian and French influences than it was earlier. This manner is much heavier in ornamentation than earlier Georgian manners, and edifice frontages were frequently covered with stucco plaster than noticeable brick. Furthermore, insides were more unfastened and light, and Windowss became larger. In my personal sentiment, the Regency manner ( Late Georgian manner ) is kindred to a span between early Georgian design and nearing Victorian epoch. Henry Holland For case, Henry Holland ( 1745-1806 ) was the most prima designer of the late Georgian period. ( Worldguide,2015) Holland’s designs was influenced by Roman, Greek and Egyptian signifiers and the Empire manners of late 18Thursdaycentury France every bit good. His manner is simpler and more academic. ( Sloane Street and Sloane Square, West London ) Features of Georgian manner Landscape There are many features specifying the Georgian period. One of the chief characteristics is patio. The 18Thursdaycentury ( David Ross,2015) was a clip of great success of urban developments. Houses had a public and private map. Unfortunately, it meant that there was a demand to set a batch of houses into a little infinite. It lead to the creative activity of the patio. The patio allowed a whole street to hold a sense of architectural completeness, besides maintaining little sizes of houses. Patios used to take a few signifiers ; typically laid out in consecutive lines or in quadrilaterals around a cardinal garden country, or in curves or egg-shaped â€Å"circuses† . In add-on, these developments gave birth of the townhouses – practical lodging built in drawn-out, well-ordered patios, which made boulevard expression like orderly architectural elements. ( Worldguide,2015) These townhouses were normally four degrees in tallness and made of brick. However, during that period ( 18Thursdaycentury ) the rich were progressively wealthier and as a consequence, they began puting money into their families. Affluent landlords used their immense land to make designed Parkss, and those Parkss were called â€Å"country houses† . ( David Ross,2015) These estates were full of reproductions of classical temples and extra architectural pieces: grottoes, Bridgess, and that group of fragments called â€Å"follies† . Basically, these Parkss carried on the classical doctrine. Architecture Furthermore, there are other common architectural elements, such as symmetrical signifier, classical entrywaies, glass transoms, big quadrilateral suites, sash Windowss, immense exterior symmetrical staircases, internal hall staircase, pediment door and geometric ornaments. ( DesignIntuit,2001) Shape is a chief important characteristic of this manner. The square is â€Å"prominent† ( DesignIntuit, 2001 ) , and forms are classical. The foundation of Georgian proportion was normally geometrical, with the cardinal block of the edifice â€Å"often augmented by dashs and wings† ( Wentworthstudio,2015) Homes were merely symmetrical. There was non normally an even figure of Windowss ( five across for house ) . This did non let dissymmetry around the in-between window of the edifice. Sash Windowss –â€Å"panes divided by wooden bars† ( Worldguide,2015) – were common. In add-on, Windowss were four-sided ( DesignIntuit,2001) and had the same breadth ( Worldguide,2015) . However, their tallness was assorted from the first floor to the last 1. Second floor Windowss were the tallest 1s, while land floor and 3rd floor Windowss were shorter, and the Windowss on the top were about quadrilateral. Every Georgian house door is groundwork and supported by memorials. ( DesignIntuit,2001) There was a window on the top of the door, and it was separated by a construction called a fanlight. ( Worldguide,2015) There was typically a hip roof, sometimes with dormers. It was really popular with Christopher Wren. Furthermore, a more asymmetrical gable roof would be inappropriate at all. ( Wentworthstudio,2015) Interior design and cosmetic humanistic disciplines In the Georgian period, there was a important rise in popularity with respects to interior ornament. ( Britannica,2015) When you look at Georgian insides, think about those architectural elements that are inside – big furnace and room accesss, and well-balanced proportioned suites. In add-on to architecture and interior design, there were great accomplishments in the cosmetic humanistic disciplines. For case, furniture design met many manners and attacks, runing from the classical influence, to the consecutive and simple lines etc. Decision Sadly, that period could non last. Victorian morality transformed architecture and other designs because their thought was about following Gothic manner as a national one due to the fact that it was a native design for the Great Christian Empire of Britain. ( Dan Cruickshank,2011) To sum up, the Georgian period, particularly architecture left many chef-d'oeuvres and a fluctuation of manners and thoughts. Furthermore, the metropoliss and urban quarters created that clip ( Bath and Bloomsbury in London ) are still theoretical accounts of comfy urban life.Bibliographyâ€Å"Georgian Style† , David Ross, 2015 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britainexpress.com/architecture/georgian.htm)â€Å"The Georgian Style of British Colonial Annapolis† , DesignIntuit, 2001(hypertext transfer protocol: //www.designintuit.com/issue0002/focus/ghistory.html)â€Å"The Georgian Era of Great Britain† , Worldguide, 2015 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldguide.eu/wg/index.php? StoryID=148 & A ; ArticleID=21368 )â€Å"Georgian architecture: a classical re-education† , Dan Cruickshank, 2011 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/11/georgian-architecture-british )â€Å"Historic manners: Georgian style† , We ntworthstudio, 2015 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wentworthstudio.com/historic-styles/georgian/ )â€Å"Georgian architecture† , Britannica, 2015 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230322/Georgian-style )1

Battle of Plattsburgh - War of 1812 - Thomas MacDonough

Battle of Plattsburgh - War of 1812 - Thomas MacDonough Battle of Plattsburgh - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Plattsburgh was fought September 6-11, 1814, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815). Forces Commanders United States Master Commandant Thomas MacDonoughBrigadier General Alexander Macomb14 warships3,400 men Great Britain Captain George DownieLieutenant General Sir George Prà ©vost14 warshipsapprox. 10,000 men Battle of Plattsburgh - Background: With the abdication of Napoleon I and the apparent end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814, large numbers of British troops became available for service against the United States in the War of 1812. In an effort to break the deadlock in North America, around 16,000 men were dispatched to Canada to aid in an offensive against American forces. These came under the command of Lieutenant General Sir George Prà ©vost, the Commander-in-Chief in Canada and Governor General of the Canadas. Though London preferred an attack on Lake Ontario, the naval and logistical situation led Prà ©vost to advance up Lake Champlain. Battle of Plattsburgh - The Naval Situation: As in previous conflicts such as the French Indian War and American Revolution, land operations around Lake Champlain required control of the water for success. Having lost control of the lake to Commander Daniel Pring in June 1813, Master Commandant Thomas MacDonough embarked on a naval building program at Otter Creek, VT. This yard produced the corvette USS Saratoga (26 guns), the schooner USS Ticonderoga (14), and several gunboats by late spring 1814. Along with the sloop USS Preble (7), MacDonough used these vessels to reassert American dominance on Lake Champlain. Battle of Plattsburgh - Preparations: To counter MacDonoughs new vessels, the British began construction of the frigate HMS Confiance (36) at Ile aux Noix. In August, Major General George Izard, the senior American commander in the region, received orders from Washington, DC to take the bulk of his forces to reinforce Sackets Harbor, NY on Lake Ontario. With Izards departure, the land defense of Lake Champlain fell to Brigadier General Alexander Macomb and a mixed force of around 3,400 regulars and militia. Operating on the west shore of the lake, Macombs small army occupied a fortified ridge along the Saranac River just south of Plattsburgh, NY. Battle of Plattsburgh - The British Advance: Eager to begin the campaign south before the weather turned, Prà ©vost became increasingly frustrated with Prings replacement, Captain George Downie, over construction issues on Confiance. As Prà ©vost chafed over the delays, MacDonough added the brig USS Eagle (20) to his squadron. On August 31, Prà ©vosts army of around 11,000 men began moving south. To slow the British advance, Macomb sent a small force forward to block roads and destroy bridges. These efforts failed to hinder the British and they arrived in Plattsburgh on September 6. The next day minor British attacks were turned back by Macombs men. Despite the massive numerical advantage enjoyed by the British, they were hampered by friction in their command structure as the veterans of the Duke of Wellingtons campaigns were frustrated by the cautiousness and unpreparedness of Prà ©vost. Scouting west, the British located a ford across the Saranac that would allow them to assault the left flank of the American line. Intending to attack on September 10, Prà ©vost desired to make a feint against Macombs front while striking his flank. These efforts were to coincide with Downie attacking MacDonough on the lake. Battle of Plattsburgh - On the Lake: Possessing fewer long guns than Downie, MacDonough assumed a position in Plattsburgh Bay where he believed his heavier, but shorter range carronades would be most effective. Supported by ten small gunboats, he anchored Eagle, Saratoga, Ticonderoga, and Preble in a north-south line. In each case, two anchors were used along with spring lines to allow the vessels to turn while at anchor. Delayed by unfavorable winds, Downie was unable to attack on September 10 forcing the entire British operation to be pushed back a day. Nearing Plattsburgh, he scouted the American squadron on the morning of September 11. Rounding Cumberland Head at 9:00 AM, Downies fleet consisted of Confiance, the brig HMS Linnet (16), the sloops HMS Chubb (11) and HMS Finch, and twelve gunboats. Entering the bay, Downie initially desired to place Confiance across the head of the American line, but variable winds prevented this and he instead assumed a position opposite Saratoga. As the two flagships began battering each other, Pring succeeded in crossing in front of Eagle with Linnet while Chubb was quickly disabled and captured. Finch attempted to assume a position across the tail of MacDonoughs line but drifted south and grounded on Crab Island. Battle of Plattsburgh - MacDonoughs Victory: While Confiances initial broadside did heavy damage to Saratoga, the two ships continued to trade blows with Downie being struck down. To the north, Pring began pounding Eagle with the American brig unable to turn to counter. At the opposite end of the line, Preble was forced from the fight by Downies gunboats. These were finally checked by determined fire from Ticonderoga. Under heavy fire, Eagle cut its anchor lines and began to drift down the American line allowing Linnet to rake Saratoga. With most of his starboard guns out of action, MacDonough used his spring lines to turn his flagship. Bringing his undamaged portside guns to bear, he opened fire on Confiance. The survivors aboard the British flagship attempted a similar turn but became stuck with the frigates undefended stern presented to Saratoga. Unable to resist, Confiance struck its colors. Again pivoting, MacDonough brought Saratoga to bear on Linnet. With his ship outmatched and seeing that resistance was futile, Pring also surrendered. As at the Battle of Lake Erie a year before, the US Navy had succeeded in capturing an entire British squadron. Battle of Plattsburgh - On Land: Beginning around 10:00 AM, the feint against the Saranac bridges on Macombs front was easily repulsed by the American defenders. To the west, Major General Frederick Brisbanes brigade missed the ford and was forced to backtrack. Learning of Downies defeat, Prà ©vost decided that any victory would be meaningless as American control of the lake would prevent him from being able to resupply his army. Though late, Robinsons men went into action and were having success when they received orders from Prà ©vost to fall back. Though his commanders protested the decision, Prà ©vosts army began retreating north to Canada that night. Battle of Plattsburgh - Aftermath: In the fighting at Plattsburgh, American forces sustained 104 killed and 116 wounded. British losses totaled 168 killed, 220 wounded, and 317 captured. In addition, MacDonoughs squadron captured Confiance, Linnet, Chubb, and Finch. For his failure and due to complaints from his subordinates, Prà ©vost was relieved of command and recalled to Britain. The American victory at Plattsburgh along with the successful Defense of Fort McHenry, aided American peace negotiators at Ghent, Belgium who were attempting to end the war on a favorable note. The two victories helped offset the defeat at Bladensburg and subsequent Burning of Washington the previous month. In recognition of his efforts, MacDonough was promoted to captain and received a Congressional gold medal. Selected Sources Historic Lakes: Battle of Plattsburgh Battle of Plattsburgh Association

Top 5 Secret Habits of Successful People

Top 5 Secret Habits of Successful People If you’re striving to become successful but find yourself stuck between a rock and a hard place, then these habits of successful people may be something you want to emulate. There is no scientific formula for achieving success, but if you develop these habits and make them part of your daily routine, you will drastically increase your chances.This infographic will highlight the 5 key habits of successful people that you can apply to your daily life:Â  Source: [lifehack.org]

The Renaissance Time Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Renaissance Time Period - Essay Example As such, the Renaissance was reflected in many forms. It was played out in art, architecture, design, literature, as well as contributed a vast amount of influence in politics and economics. In this paper, the fundamental features of the Renaissance will be explored – from its beginnings in Italy to its expansion to the rest of Europe. Also, an examination of life during the Renaissance will feature economic context of the period, its influence in religion and philosophy, as well as its role of science and medicine. Lastly, the Renaissance life will also be tackled by featuring the food, drinks, and architecture during the period. A. Renaissance and its Origin The word Renaissance means rebirth and with this comes the renewed interest in ancient ideals of Greek and Roman language and culture. As a cultural movement, the Renaissance traces back its origin in Italy where city-states were flourishing amidst the backdrop of wars and conflict with their enemies (Britannica Educatio nal Publishing, 2011). In particular, the northern Italian city-states had, through the middle ages, established close trading links with the Eastern Mediterranean. With it came the renewed cultural ties between Europe and the East, which created a tremendous interest in antiquity and had, since then, culminated in Italy in the 1400s and later spread to other European countries. Moreover, during this period, Italian cities adopted an intellectual movement known as humanism. For Italian humanists, what is fundamental is the sight of man, which is considered to be a universal genius, who could take responsibility for themselves. Another feature of the early Renaissance is the emphasis of learning classical literature of the ancient Greeks and Romans whose areas of studies included literature, politics, history, and language, which are now collectively known as the humanities. With the fruition of humanism in northern Italy during the 13th and 14th century, the Renaissance brought with it a new attitude to life and a new outlook in learning and ideas, which later spread through continental Europe and England. B. Economy and trade During the Renaissance period, Italy was composed of city-states that were strategically located to profit from the renewed trade that was developing because of the Crusades. According to Romano (2010), northern Italian city-states, particularly the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, the Venetian Republic, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples, became the intermediary areas in Europe’s flourishing trade with the East. As a result, these independent northern city-states became the thriving capital for international transactions and trade. The renaissance economy of Italy in particular depended on the production of wool and silk as well as banking transactions and international trade (Salisbury & Sherman, 2007). Because of the flourishing economy brought about by the expanding trade between Europe and the East, merchants were able to their affluence to gain economic and political control. They were able to give out loans to Kings and maintain various businesses ventures that were vital for economic growth all over Europe. Aside from these, merchants became the leading patrons of the arts as they used their money to sponsor creative undertaking of artists during the Renaissance period (Kelmer and Woods, 1999). For instance, wealthy traders such as

Hip Hop and Race Portrayal in News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hip Hop and Race Portrayal in News - Essay Example The paper "Hip Hop and Race Portrayal in News" analyzes gender portrayal in hip hop and race portrayal in news. Hegemony in gender usually follows a pattern in which men indirectly dominate women in society. Through discourses perpetrated through various ways especially in the media, such positions appear ingrained in the society and unquestionable. Douglas explores the issue of hegemony arguing that there is meaning, context and representation of various sociological aspects with most of these being used to perpetrate hegemony. Dyer discusses the establishment of stereotypes in detail and explains that stereotypic images portrayed in media forms are widely believed and agreed upon as being right. As Douglas states, analysis of hegemony involves historical socio-cultural inquiries into how culture and various social institutions from the media have been used to facilitate domination on rather broad social and political ends. Thus, in order to determine whether the media’s powe r is increasing or decreasing, this discussion shall seek to establish hip hop’s perpetration of gender hegemony and the counter-efforts to break these hegemonic discourses based on a time series analysis. The hip hop genre is known to perpetrate gender hegemony and misogyny and has, in fact, come under heavy criticism for this in the past. Perpetration of gender hegemony in hip hop involves using lyrics and videos to portray women as sex objects, trivializing them, marginalizing them and using derogative terms to refer to them.

17- Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

17- - Coursework Example To explain the former, this decision gives House the hope to prove his innocence in the lights of the new evidance, that is if he is innocent in the first place. Unlike as in an appeal, in habeas corpus federal court, DNA samples can be produced in this case as a new evidence which can greatly influence the decision of the Judges if the evidence goes in Houses’ favor. Now to see the effect of this decision on the society as a whole, a common citizen would have more confidence in the Judicial System and would know that he has a great chance of proving his innocence if convicted wrongly. The Judicial System over the years has been adversely affected by the cold war between the conservative and liberal governments. This trend has not allowed consistency to prevail in the Judicial System. This new decision gives a hope that the judgments made by the judiciary would neither be conservative nor liberal, but rather would be just. This decision by Justice Kennedy would be referred to by legal experts while solving cases of such nature. To those convicted wrongly, this decision would appear to them as a ray of light leading to a free life. Whether House makes his way out or not because of this decision, it certainly would give convicted people a chance to prove their innocence presenting new evidences in the future. In my personal view, the less-conservative decision made by the conservative judge is the right one, as it might not be possible in certain cases to gather and produce all or the vital evidence during the trial period. Giving the convicted a second chance for producing new evidence and arguing his way out constitutionally, cannot be termed a lenient decision on part of the convicted, but rather a fair one. Though this would lead to additional burden on the courts, but it would ensure that justice is served. Provisions have been made in the law to give a

Interpreting Literature By Means Of Psychoanalysis English Literature Essay

Interpreting Literature By Means Of Psychoanalysis English Literature Essay Psychological criticism is a way of interpreting literature by means of psychoanalysis, a form of interpretation developed by Dr. Sigmund Freud. In the practice of psychoanalysis, Freud attempted to understand the interaction of the conscious and unconscious mind. He believed that repressed conflicts and fears could be uncovered by having the patient speak freely and openly so that the listener may decipher hidden meanings and motives the patient might be unaware of. Much of his most famous hypotheses focus on the realm of the unconscious mind and how it goes about manifesting itself. Similarly, the role of psychological criticism is to attempt to analyze and draw conclusions from suppressed desires, conflicts, and fears within the realm of the unconscious of the characters, author, or even the reader of the piece of literature. This form of criticism can easily be applied to William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, a short story about the decaying life of Miss Emily Grierson as seen thro ugh the perspective of the town she lives in. Devastated by the loss of her father, Emily keeps herself isolated from everyone in the community except for Homer Barron, whom she later kills and holds on to in a last act of holding on to the past. To better understand Emily Griersons isolation from a psychological perspective, we must take a look at the underlying motivations within her character. Such motivations, can be discovered from many aspects of the story such as the setting and the relationship that Emily has between her late father and the entire community. Emilys isolation can also be seen in her behavior of avoidance and denial. The shot story  ¿Ã‚ ½A Rose for Emily ¿Ã‚ ½ takes place in a small town in the deep south shortly after the Civil War. Miss Emily came from the Grierson family, a noble, upper-class family from the time. She  ¿Ã‚ ½had been a tradition, a duty, a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town ¿Ã‚ ½ showing that she had noblesse oblige and she intended to keep it that way. The neighborhood that she lived in was quickly changing, where  ¿Ã‚ ½only Miss Emilys house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps ¿Ã‚ ½an eyesore among eyesores. ¿Ã‚ ½ While the town had progressed and modernized as most towns at the time did due to the change in ideals from the old generation to the new one, Miss Emily stagnated. In fact, she refused to change her ways at all.  ¿Ã‚ ½When the town got free postal delivery Miss Emily alone refused to let them fasten metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to it. She would not l isten to them. ¿Ã‚ ½ The house she lives in is old and run-down, and is a displacement for the state Miss Emily is in. It has stayed the same for many years, and so has she, which is the way she wants it. However, by doing so she separates herself from the community. This is our first glimpse, as the reader, of Emilys isolation. At this point in the story, the reader is left unaware why Miss Emily chooses update and modernize her house. It quickly becomes apparent that it must have something to do with her relationship with her father. Emily and her father have a relationship that is only briefly mentioned, but there is an obvious complication that later manifests itself throughout the rest of Emilys life. Even though Emily is described as being very beautiful when she was younger, her father would drive away any suitor who came to court his daughter. This, in a way, shows a sort of revers oedipal conflict where the father is trying to compete against possible husbands for Emilys love and attention. A possible clue for her fathers actions is that the mother is not there and ,in fact, is never mentioned in the story at all which leads the reader to assume that young Emily is the only woman in his life. The narrator of the story, that is, the people of the community, paint a description of their father-daughte r relationship; Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background and her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip.This description displays the idea that Emily is just a back drop to her father and his unconscious motive to keep his daughter close to him and him only. Her being in the back shows that she is being protected from suitors that are unworthy in her fathers eye. Also the whip that is holding may be interpreted as a phallic symbol signifying that he is the patriarch and will fight off anyone that wants to change that. Even so, Emily does not put up a fight but, rather, is submissive to her fathers wishes. She actually enjoys her fathers chasing away of men because, in a way, it brings her closer to her father and strengthens their relationship. This can be explained psychoanalytically as females can only gain identities in stories if they identify with a father figure. Even though young Emily is desperately trying to gain an identity, she is ignorant to the fact that by doing so she is creating a lifestyle of isolation that could only be made worse with the passing of Mr. Grierson. After her fathers death and without any other close family, Emily quickly realizes that she is now alone and isolated. She could not cope with this grim fact and instead turned to denial. When the ladies of the town came to offer their condolences,  ¿Ã‚ ½Miss Emily met them at the door , dressed as usual and with no trace of grief on her face. She told them that her father was not dead. ¿Ã‚ ½ She could not grasp the fact that with the loss of her father came the loss of her female identity and instead represses the idea as she stayed barricaded in her house for a  ¿Ã‚ ½long time ¿Ã‚ ½. The next time she is seen  ¿Ã‚ ½her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl ¿Ã‚ ½. Its quite obvious that at this point she is trying to live in the past to cope with her isolation. The cutting of her hair shows that she is unconsciously trying to go back to a place in her mind where her father is still alive and she is still a girl living under his rule. Shortly after, however, she is seen with Homer Barron,  ¿Ã‚ ½a Yankee ¿Ã‚ ½a big, dark, ready man ¿Ã‚ ½. Her infatuation with Homer was not that of romance as the townspeople thought, rather she was only displacing the idea of her father onto Homer. The only way she could have her father back and for everything to be how it was, Miss Emily must marry Homer; or at least that is what she believed. Her relationship with Homer was not meant to be because Homer was actually a homosexual. The story alludes to this with phallic symbols such as,  ¿Ã‚ ½his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth ¿Ã‚ ½. When Emily discovers this fact she, again, is in denial. Her last chance of living in the past rushes away in an instant. So instead of letting go of Homer, she again tries to hold on to the past, more successfully this time, by poisoning Homer Barron and holding on to his body, a final act of desperation to save herself from isolation. With Homers body in her possession, she is no longer isolated in her mind. She has her displaced father back but it is different this time; now she is the provider of the duo, or in other words, she has now taken the role of the father. Because of this new found identity her character actually begins to drastically change.  ¿Ã‚ ½She had grown fat and her hair was [ ¿Ã‚ ½] that vigorous iron-gray, like the hair of an active man. ¿Ã‚ ½ This physical change in her appearance signifies that she has now become patriarch of the so-called family. But she is still incomplete in her role because Homer, who has now been dead for some time, cannot ever identify with Miss Emily. So once again, Emily is left isolated by her own accord and she remains this way until the day she dies. In conclusion, by using a psychoanalytic approach to analyze William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, many overlooked details paint an overall theme of isolation in the short story. Her old deteriorating house is a stand in for Emilys mental condition and unwillingness to change. Father daughter issues are prevalent in the story and end up determining the fate of Miss Emily. Devastated over the discovery that her displaced father figure, Homer Barron, is a homosexual she poisons him and denies his death while she holds on to his body, much like she did with her father, in an attempt to live in the past. In the end of her life, Miss Emily is isolated in world of her own creation where she lives in the past and desperately tries to hold on to the present.

MCM sonar technology :: essays research papers

ABSTRACT Searching for mines is a time consuming and relatively hazardous operation that is heavily weighted in the favour of the miner if the defending force has not prepared the battlespace beforehand. In simple terms, if the environment in which the enemy is likely to launch a mine attack is known, and the defending forces are familiar with the bottom conditions then the enemy mines are more easily localised and subsequently eliminated. The method of achieving this familiarity with the environment is known by a number of terms but most commonly used is Q-Route Survey or just Route Survey. From the introduction of minehunting sonars in the 60’s Navies have been interested in developing databases of the minelike bottom objects with theareas that they may operate – the battlespace. These efforts have been plagued by a number of fundemental equipment and philosophical problems. Apart from the difficulties faced with precisely positioning the mine-like objects on the bottom the general navigation and plotting accuracies of the vessels was very poor. This contributed to so great a lack of confidence by succeeding vessel commanders about the validity of the database of bottom objects that the databases invariably failed. The failure of a MCM database is catastrophic for the defenders, after an attack, as it means that all bottom objects would need to be reinvestigated to prove they were not mines. Even in moderately cluttered bottom conditions such as in harbours or approaches where there may be 300-400 objects per kilometer of 600m wide channel the investigation and discrimination of all these objects would involve a speed of advance for the dedicated minehunting vessel of less than one knot! There had to be a more efficient way. In the early 80’s the sidescan sonar systems were being supplemented by the fabulously powerful 286 computers. This allowed the sonar signal to be digitised, displayed on a screen and recorded to magnetic medium then stored. This opened the way for the sidescan sonar to be used to define the battlespace. The first generation systems have done a quite good job of achieving the aims when employed by efficient, well trained crews. However, this has been the exception rather than the rule, and the quality of the data so far collected probably less than optimum. In addition the storage of this early data was invariably based on the basis of positioning all the â€Å"minelike contacts† geographically and a consequent lack of care with storage of the original sonar data.

Found Objects

Carrington Lucas Spring 2013 Essay 1 Found Object Essay As I stumble my way through life, I found the one thing that the thing that is very important to me my family. Nothing compares how greatly family impacts people. I can’t imagine myself having a career that doesn’t involve helping my family or others’. I want family to be a part of my life, regardless if I am being an orthodontist for children or working in finance making sure that families are financially stable. There are many reasons why family is important to me.All of those reasons define who I am and who I will be in the future. My first reason why family is important to my life is because they have always been there for me. Many of my peers succeed at certain sports or even various classes like English or Calculus. Although, I did struggle with my other activities and curriculum classes, family has always been there. Throughout middle school and high school, I competed with my friend for captain of th e soccer team. I didn’t beat him until eighth grade when my hard work finally paid off.Because of this, I now realize how dedication and persistence can help someone achieve one’s goals. If I never decided to join the soccer team and compete for first captain, I wouldn’t have had the opportunity to challenge myself and gain the skills and characteristics that would benefit me throughout the rest of my life, if it had not been for my family pushing me to excel. Another reason why family is important to my life is because of the knowledge I am exposed to.Nothing is more exhilarating to me than listening to wisdom or just encouraging words that seem to mean nothing to me at first glance then being able to apply them later in life. Lastly, my most important reason is because music has made my relationship with God closer than ever, because of everything I have gained through family, I am confident I’m going in the right direction with my life. I have finally found my passion for helping others and I never want to let go of it. Family helped me gain new friends, love, passion, drive, knowledge and a lot of other things. For that I will always be grateful.

Scots Law of Contract

All of the case studies are concerned with the Law of Contract, specifically the formation of a contract and the differences between an invitation to treat and a contract. We will investigate each consumers’s specific contract or lack thereof individually and advise Bruce on his legal position. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties which in Scotland does not need to take a specific form, as a spoken agreement is still equally as enforceable as a written contract in certain circumstances such as in most social and domestic arrangements.A contract creates a legally binding bond between the parties involved. Contracts are made everyday sometimes without even realising it from buying a coffee to buying a house. A contract is formed bilaterally when an offer has been unconditionally accepted by all parties involved leading to consensus in idem and is not to be confused with a promise which is a unilateral agreement requiring only one party to make the promise. In B ruce’s case some of the customer’s mentioned have not actually entered into a contract but rather have either received an offer or an invitation to treat.An offer unlike a contract is not legally enforceable but rather an invitation to enter into a contract and an invitation to treat is not an offer but rather an invitation to make an offer. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893) The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company released an advertisement stating that a ? 100 reward would be paid to any person who contracted influenza, colds or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks according to the printed directions supplied with each ball.Despite the claims one of the companies customers Mrs Carlill caught the flu and sued the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company for the ? 100 they refused to pay her stating that their advert was in fact a legally binding contract which she had accepted by purchasing the product. The a bove case could be applied to Bruce as his failure to properly state the conditions in his advertisement will result in him having to honor his original promise of selling the â€Å"Slow Patrol† CD to as many customers as ave a flyer at the price stated on the advert. Although most modern adverts are treated as an invitation to treat this particular advert would be considered a unilateral promise as Bruce has promised to sell the CD to anyone who produces the flyer at the price of ? 1. 99. Unlike an offer a promise is the product of one persons intention and no acceptance is needed to create a binding contract where as an offer can be revoked until agreed upon.If Bruce had not put such specific terms in the advert simply offering the product at the wrong price he could have claimed it was an invitation to treat but as it stands Bruce is legally obligated to follow through with his unilateral promise. To quote the court in regards to Hunter v General Accident Fire and Life Ass urance Corporation (1909) â€Å"†¦ when a general offer addressed to the public is appropriated to himself by a distinct acceptance by one person, then it is to be read in exactly the same was as if it had been addressed to the individual originally. In the case of Wolf and Wolf v Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) Forfar sent a telefax to Wolf & Wolf offering to sell potatoes at a specific price but the offer was only valid until 5pm the next day Wolf & Wolf replied accepting the offer but with extra conditions to which Forfar did not accept and when Wolf & Wolf later tried to accept the original offer there was no reply by Forfar and the potatoes were not sent. Wolf & Wolf sued arguing that Forfar were in breach of contract.The court held that Wolf & Wolf’s first â€Å"acceptance† was a counter offer and due to the law in Scotland this had rejected Forfar’s offer and put in place a new offer which Forfar had rejected as Forfar’s offer had lapsed upon rej ection Wolf & Wolf’s second attempt at accepting the original offer could not result in a contract being made as it was a new offer which Forfar had chosen not to accept therefore no contract existed between the parties.The area of Law concerned in this case is The Law of Contract specifically relating to the revocation of an offer and counter offers. The case Wolf and Wolf vs Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) directly links to the case between Bruce and Ken. As Bruce is once again dealing with the Law of Contract specifically the non-acceptance of an offer, he is under no legal obligation to sell Ken the rare vinyl at the original price of ? 40. When Ken rejected he original offer he created a counter offer which in Scots law is a completely new offer and caused Bruce’s original offer to lapse and was up to Bruce to decide wether or not to accept the new terms, after Bruce rejected the counter offer all offers between Bruce and Ken had lapsed. When Ken came back insisting t hat there was a contract between them and he was entitled to the album Bruce was in fact under no legal requirement to give Ken the vinyl as all offers had lapsed and no contract existed between then.In the case of Fisher v Bell (1961) a shopkeeper had displayed a flick-knife in his window with a price tag next to it but under the restriction of Offensive Weapons Accontents Restriction of Offensive Act (1959) it was illegal to sell hire or offer to sell or hire any knife which had a blade that opened automatically, on December 12 1959 the shopkeeper was brought to trial alleging that the defendant had broken the law by offering to sell the knife in his shop.The shopkeeper was acquitted on the basis that by displaying the knife it was an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell. In regard to Stella we are once again dealing with the Law of Contract specifically relating to an invitation to treat rather than an offer. When Stella was trying to purchase the CD for the advertised pr ice of ? 1. 39 instead of ? 13. 99 she in fact had no legal authority to do so as the price offered was an invitation to treat and not a contract but rather an invitation to enter into one.The contract is not created until a price is agreed and the item has been paid for. Stella is basically making Bruce and offer to pay ? 1. 39 for the CD as that is what it has been advertised as and by Bruce not accepting the offer due to a mislabeling issue a contract has not been formed. As in the case of Fisher v Bell (1961) just because there is a price tag next to an item or on an item the establishment is under no obligation to sell at said price.In conclusion in regard to the first legal question Bruce is legally bound to sell the Album at the price stated in the advert as it was a unilateral promise which is legally binding contract and not able to be revoked like a offer. In regards to Ken after he counter offered Bruce’s original offer to buy the rare vinyl Bruce was no longer und er any legal obligation to sell the rare album to Ken as the offer had lapsed meaning no contract was in place.Finally Stella is unable to take legal action against Bruce and Bruce does not have to sell the CD to Stella at the advertised price and it was an invitation to treat and not an offer and although the two are similar when dealing with an invitation to treat rather than an offer there is no liability to accept. CITATIONS Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893) Wolf and Wolf v Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) Hunter v General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation (1909) Fisher v Bell (1961) BIBLIOGRAPHY Black, G (Editor) – Business Law in Scotland 2nd edition Crossan & Wylie – Introductory Scots Law 2nd edition Scots Law of Contract All of the case studies are concerned with the Law of Contract, specifically the formation of a contract and the differences between an invitation to treat and a contract. We will investigate each consumers’s specific contract or lack thereof individually and advise Bruce on his legal position. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties which in Scotland does not need to take a specific form, as a spoken agreement is still equally as enforceable as a written contract in certain circumstances such as in most social and domestic arrangements.A contract creates a legally binding bond between the parties involved. Contracts are made everyday sometimes without even realising it from buying a coffee to buying a house. A contract is formed bilaterally when an offer has been unconditionally accepted by all parties involved leading to consensus in idem and is not to be confused with a promise which is a unilateral agreement requiring only one party to make the promise. In B ruce’s case some of the customer’s mentioned have not actually entered into a contract but rather have either received an offer or an invitation to treat.An offer unlike a contract is not legally enforceable but rather an invitation to enter into a contract and an invitation to treat is not an offer but rather an invitation to make an offer. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893) The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company released an advertisement stating that a ? 100 reward would be paid to any person who contracted influenza, colds or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks according to the printed directions supplied with each ball.Despite the claims one of the companies customers Mrs Carlill caught the flu and sued the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company for the ? 100 they refused to pay her stating that their advert was in fact a legally binding contract which she had accepted by purchasing the product. The a bove case could be applied to Bruce as his failure to properly state the conditions in his advertisement will result in him having to honor his original promise of selling the â€Å"Slow Patrol† CD to as many customers as ave a flyer at the price stated on the advert. Although most modern adverts are treated as an invitation to treat this particular advert would be considered a unilateral promise as Bruce has promised to sell the CD to anyone who produces the flyer at the price of ? 1. 99. Unlike an offer a promise is the product of one persons intention and no acceptance is needed to create a binding contract where as an offer can be revoked until agreed upon.If Bruce had not put such specific terms in the advert simply offering the product at the wrong price he could have claimed it was an invitation to treat but as it stands Bruce is legally obligated to follow through with his unilateral promise. To quote the court in regards to Hunter v General Accident Fire and Life Ass urance Corporation (1909) â€Å"†¦ when a general offer addressed to the public is appropriated to himself by a distinct acceptance by one person, then it is to be read in exactly the same was as if it had been addressed to the individual originally. In the case of Wolf and Wolf v Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) Forfar sent a telefax to Wolf & Wolf offering to sell potatoes at a specific price but the offer was only valid until 5pm the next day Wolf & Wolf replied accepting the offer but with extra conditions to which Forfar did not accept and when Wolf & Wolf later tried to accept the original offer there was no reply by Forfar and the potatoes were not sent. Wolf & Wolf sued arguing that Forfar were in breach of contract.The court held that Wolf & Wolf’s first â€Å"acceptance† was a counter offer and due to the law in Scotland this had rejected Forfar’s offer and put in place a new offer which Forfar had rejected as Forfar’s offer had lapsed upon rej ection Wolf & Wolf’s second attempt at accepting the original offer could not result in a contract being made as it was a new offer which Forfar had chosen not to accept therefore no contract existed between the parties.The area of Law concerned in this case is The Law of Contract specifically relating to the revocation of an offer and counter offers. The case Wolf and Wolf vs Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) directly links to the case between Bruce and Ken. As Bruce is once again dealing with the Law of Contract specifically the non-acceptance of an offer, he is under no legal obligation to sell Ken the rare vinyl at the original price of ? 40. When Ken rejected he original offer he created a counter offer which in Scots law is a completely new offer and caused Bruce’s original offer to lapse and was up to Bruce to decide wether or not to accept the new terms, after Bruce rejected the counter offer all offers between Bruce and Ken had lapsed. When Ken came back insisting t hat there was a contract between them and he was entitled to the album Bruce was in fact under no legal requirement to give Ken the vinyl as all offers had lapsed and no contract existed between then.In the case of Fisher v Bell (1961) a shopkeeper had displayed a flick-knife in his window with a price tag next to it but under the restriction of Offensive Weapons Accontents Restriction of Offensive Act (1959) it was illegal to sell hire or offer to sell or hire any knife which had a blade that opened automatically, on December 12 1959 the shopkeeper was brought to trial alleging that the defendant had broken the law by offering to sell the knife in his shop.The shopkeeper was acquitted on the basis that by displaying the knife it was an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell. In regard to Stella we are once again dealing with the Law of Contract specifically relating to an invitation to treat rather than an offer. When Stella was trying to purchase the CD for the advertised pr ice of ? 1. 39 instead of ? 13. 99 she in fact had no legal authority to do so as the price offered was an invitation to treat and not a contract but rather an invitation to enter into one.The contract is not created until a price is agreed and the item has been paid for. Stella is basically making Bruce and offer to pay ? 1. 39 for the CD as that is what it has been advertised as and by Bruce not accepting the offer due to a mislabeling issue a contract has not been formed. As in the case of Fisher v Bell (1961) just because there is a price tag next to an item or on an item the establishment is under no obligation to sell at said price.In conclusion in regard to the first legal question Bruce is legally bound to sell the Album at the price stated in the advert as it was a unilateral promise which is legally binding contract and not able to be revoked like a offer. In regards to Ken after he counter offered Bruce’s original offer to buy the rare vinyl Bruce was no longer und er any legal obligation to sell the rare album to Ken as the offer had lapsed meaning no contract was in place.Finally Stella is unable to take legal action against Bruce and Bruce does not have to sell the CD to Stella at the advertised price and it was an invitation to treat and not an offer and although the two are similar when dealing with an invitation to treat rather than an offer there is no liability to accept. CITATIONS Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893) Wolf and Wolf v Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) Hunter v General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation (1909) Fisher v Bell (1961) BIBLIOGRAPHY Black, G (Editor) – Business Law in Scotland 2nd edition Crossan & Wylie – Introductory Scots Law 2nd edition